Document analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Record investigation - Essay Example The AEU was a dynamic and politically dynamic association, and various elements added to its prosperity. Despite the fact that ladies were not exceptionally spoken to in metalworking, the AEU had the option to gain ground on account of its serious association and commitment. Diane Fieldes positions as markers of accomplishment in this specific case, â€Å"The appropriation of metalworkers all through the economy (by 1970 metal exchanges unionists were 17 percent all things considered), and the customary job of the fitter’s rate as illustrative of all craftsmen’s compensation [†¦ ]In the mid 1970s, whatever occurred in the metal business was a standard which different associations hoped for (Fieldes, 4). In the mid seventies, ladies everywhere throughout the world were starting to practice their open rights, as they related to work and something else. The way that this case was brought to tolerate is amazingly demonstrative of the thinking about the occasions: ladies working outside the home had started to see themselves as qualified for an equivalent and reasonable pay, started to feel that the idea of the family wage was obsolete and moreover, that this equivalent idea was the wellspring of treachery. Notwithstanding the 1972 choice, the 1970s saw other significant strides for ladies in the work power. As Dalton, Draper, Weeks, and Wiseman compose, Because of long, hard campaigning by ladies unionists, the 1977 Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) received the Working Women’s Charter, and in 1979 got maternity leave as a privilege in mechanical honors (11). Society when all is said in done was starting to be open to such ideas. Fieldes comments that the metalworkers association was not noted for its inborn progressiveness, nor for its greater part female enrollment, yet rather for its serious association and order: The last factor of note in the metalworkers’ union’s crusade for equivalent compensation is the structure of the union’s enrollment. In March 1969 the

Corporate Social Responsibility In Smrt Corporation Management Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility In Smrt Corporation Management Essay This report is composed and compound to examine Corporate Social Responsibility in the overall universal organization. Corporate Social Responsibility is the reception by a business of a vital concentration for satisfying the monetary, lawful, moral, and altruistic duties expected of it by its partners (Thorne, Ferrell, Ferrell, 2008, p. 5). The key partners of an association comprise of representatives, clients, speculators, providers, investors, governments, just as networks. SMRT Corporation Ltd (SMRT) is one of the organization that actualizes Corporate Social Responsibility in their organization. SMRT is Singapores head multi-modular open vehicle specialist co-op which set up in 1987. Corporate administration is one of the most significant angle in Corporate Social Responsibility. The Board and Management of SMRT are completely dedicated to constantly increasing the expectation of corporate administration and to fabricate a regarded, trusted and straightforward association which is basic to supportability of the companys business and execution. A portion of the continued program that has been made by SMRT to upgrade and improve the lives and government assistance of the network are corporate altruism, condition, network outreach, just as wellbeing and security. 2. Presentation Corporate Social Responsibility is the reception by a business of a key concentration for satisfying the financial, lawful, moral, and generous duties expected of it by its partners (Thorne, Ferrell, Ferrell, 2008, p. 5). The key partners of an association comprise of workers, clients, financial specialists, providers, investors, governments, just as networks. These days, the mindfulness and usage of Corporate Social Responsibility in Singapore has been expanded since the foundation of Singapore Compact in January 2005. Singapore Compact is a national society that capacities as multi-partner stage in perceiving the job and commitments of all Corporate Social Responsibility partners. SMRT Corporation Ltd (SMRT) is one of the organization that actualizes Corporate Social Responsibility in their organization. SMRT is Singapores head multi-modular open vehicle specialist co-op which set up in 1987. This report is composed and compound dependent on the organization foundation of SMRT, corporate social duty by SMRT which incorporates corporate magnanimity, condition, network effort, wellbeing and security, just as current issue in market and media. 3. Organization Background SMRT Corporation Ltd (SMRT) is Singapores head multi-modular open vehicle specialist co-op offering incorporated vehicle administrations island-wide. Built up in 1987, SMRT gives Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Light Rail Transit (LRT), transport administrations, just as rental of taxicabs. Furthermore, SMRT leases the business spaces and gives promoting purchasing administration inside their system. Singapore MRT Ltd began working the North-South and East-West lines (NSEWL) of Singapores first Mass Rapid Transit System in the 1987. Singapore LRT Pte Ltd was set up in 1997 and after two years, turned into the principal administrator for Singapores pioneer Light Rapid Transit System in Bukit Panjang (BPLRT). SMRT Corporation Ltd has been recorded on the mainboard of the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (SGX) since 26 July 2000. As a holding organization, it completely claims SMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Trains), earlier known as Singapore MRT Ltd, and SMRT Light Rail Pte Ltd (SMRT Light Rail), some time ago known as Singapore LRT Pte Ltd. SMRT Trains has started tasks of Circle Line Stage 3 in May 2009 and Stages 1 and 2 in April 2010. In December 2001, SMRT Corporation Ltd obtained SMRT Road Holdings Ltd (previously known as TIBS Holdings Ltd) for $198.6 million and became Singapores first multi-modular land transport administrator, giving transport and taxi benefits notwithstanding its MRT and LRT administrations. SMRT Busses Ltd (SMRT Busses) and SMRT Taxis Pte Ltd (SMRT Taxis) are entirely claimed auxiliaries of SMRT Road Holdings Ltd. 4. Corporate Governance Corporate administration is the proper arrangement of oversight, responsibility, and control for authoritative choices and assets. Oversight identifies with an arrangement of governing rules that limits representatives and directors chances to go amiss from strategies and sets of accepted rules. Responsibility identifies with how well the substance of work environment choices is lined up with an organizations expressed vital heading. Control includes the procedure of evaluating and improving authoritative choices and activities (Thorne, Ferrell, Ferrell, 2008, p. 75). Corporate administration is one of the most significant viewpoint in Corporate Social Responsibility. The Board and Management of SMRT are completely dedicated to constantly increasing the expectation of corporate administration and to fabricate a regarded, trusted and straightforward association which is fundamental to supportability of the companys business and execution. For its endeavors to accomplish the magnificent corporate administration, SMRT got a portion of the corporate honors, for example, Best Investor Relations (Silver) and Best Annual Report 2009 (Bronze) at Singapore Corporate Awards 2010, runner up in Business Times Governance and Transparency Index 2010, Best Managed Board (Gold) and Best Annual Report 2008 (Bronze) at Singapore Corporate Awards 2009, Board Diversity Award (Co-Winner) at Securities Investors Association of Singapore (SIAS) Investors Choice Awards 2009, ahead of everyone else in Corporate Governance Award in the Mainboard class at Securities Investors Association of Singapore (SIAS) Investors Choice Awards 2008, and that's only the tip of the iceber g. 5. Corporate Social Responsibility by SMRT Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) implies that a company ought to be considered responsible for any of its activities that influence individuals, their networks, and the earth. It infers that mischief to individuals and society ought to be recognized and adjusted assuming there is any chance of this happening. It might require an organization to swear off certain benefits if its social effects truly hurt a portion of its partners or if its assets can be utilized to have a positive social effect (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 2001, p. 58). SMRT accepts that their prosperity must be directed towards more noteworthy's benefit of the network. SMRT Corporate Social Responsibility program embarks to have a constructive outcome on the monetary, social and ecological prosperity of the networks that they serve. A portion of the continued program that has been made by SMRT to upgrade and improve the lives and government assistance of the network are: 5.1 Corporate Philanthropy Corporate charity has gotten significant as organizations are required to accomplish something beyond offer back to the network. SMRT corporate generosity program is aimed at willful government assistance associations, national occasions, training, sports, expressions and nature. In Financial Year 2006, SMRT made network commitments totalling S$3.18 million in real money commitments and sponsorships, for example, media space and corporate blessings. Some others of the generous commitments that have done by SMRT are: SMRT Silver Tribute Fund The SMRT Silver Tribute (Fund) is SMRTs greatest corporate social obligation activity to-date. SMRT Silver Tribute Fund was propelled in December 2006 as an all encompassing corporate charity and network outreach exertion. All cash raised by SMRT Silver Tribute Fund will go towards the six recipients, for example, Alzheimers Disease Associationâ Specialized Caregiver Support Service (Dementia), Ang Mo Kio Family Service Centers - Ang Mo Kio Yio Chu Kang Community Carers Scheme, Asian Womens Welfare Association AWWA READYCARE Center, Geylang East Home for the Aged (GEHA), Singapore Leprosy Relief Association Home, and Tan Tock Seng Hospital Community Charity Fundâ Helping Elderly Patients Programme.â Gifts and media support for National Day Parade and backing of the birthday festivities in different manners including arrangement of a SMRT Train for Singapore Express, a network venture which united 12,000 Primary Five understudies from 42 schools island-wide to plan National Day adornments for open vehicle and transport stop covers. Train ride for 200 debilitated people to advance network consciousness of the one of a kind needs of the handicapped. Sponsorship of three SMRT transports as display space for shows on natural consideration for the Marine Parade Town Councils Clean, Green and Hygiene Carnival. Gift of a de-enlisted SMRT taxi to Alexandra Hospital for its Car Transfer Rehabilitation Program. Organization with the National Council of Social Services for the Disability Awareness Public Education Campaign. 5.2 Environment SMRT is resolved to be an industry chief in natural stewardship. SMRT organize and dependable to add to make a cleaner and greener condition. To grasp ecologically amicable arrangements and practices in their business, tasks and foundation, SMRT propelled SMRT is Green in April 2008. SMRT put forth a cognizant attempt to embrace green practices in their activities regarding vitality, water, air and waste administration. With all their anxiety and difficult work to protect nature, SMRT got a few honors for their commitment, for example, Most Energy Efficient Metro grant at The Metros Award 2010, Top Achiever, Singapore Environmental Achievement Award 08/09 from the Singapore Environmental Council, two honors at the Land Transport Excellence Awards (LTEA) 2010 as the Most Eco-Friendly Transport Partner and the Most Creative Promotion/Campaign, and numerous others. 5.3 Community Outreach SMRT is dynamic in outreach programs that add shading and liveliness to network while advancing the SMRT brand name. These projects have been never really, teach and illuminate to the general population through their vehicle arrange. A portion of the projects are: SMRT Courtesy and Safety Program This yearly program

Commentry on Rising Fuel Prices Essay

Air travel is quick escaping go after generally modest community Indians. As indicated by Airport Authority of India’s (AAI) most recent figures, April 2008 saw lesser number of individuals flying from places like Goa, Patna, Thiruvananthapuram, Guwahati, Calicut, Srinagar and even vacationer hotspots like Udaipur, Jammu and Jodhpur over same period a year ago. On a national premise, the development pace of residential travelers this year has tumbled to single digit, down from the strong 30% to 40% figures recorded in recent years. While this development was to a great extent because of carriers offering alluring passages, the drop in traveler stream was as high as 35% in Jodhpur or 24.5% in Jammu. These figures have the alerts ringing as the lofty climb in fly fuel costs †which have prompted sharp increment in airfares †began distinctly in April and the fall in flyers could deteriorate for later months. Till April, fuel overcharge on each ticket was Rs 1,650. Presently a similar extra charge is between Rs 2,250 and Rs 2,900 and base passages are additionally a lot higher, making flying an extravagant for some. â€Å"We are gradually arriving at a circumstance where just trips between metros or ones beginning or completion there may stay suitable for aircrafts at these working cost levels. State governments must approach and offer low deals charge on fly fuel to aircrafts as a byproduct of a confirmation that the last would neither one of the cuts flights, nor climb tolls to those places,† said a senior AAI official. Indeed, the colossal 30% to 40% development recorded in recent years (after the appearance of spending transporters) was considerably because of carriers hurrying in with trips to places where transport and rail clients could be moved to air by the draw of low admissions. In any case, presently with airfares on the ascent, this availability is under extreme risk. Carriers have just begun pulling out of unrewarding focuses. SpiceJet official director Siddhanta Sharma gave the airlines’ viewpoint. â€Å"Basically departures from most little urban areas are short take. On such areas, high airfares currently contend with other less expensive admissions of different methods of transport and air travel gets unviable. Just a decrease deals charge on fly fuel may help keeping such places associated as we would have the option to offer serious fares,† he said. Be that as it may, as state government still tarry on this issue, their network is languishing. Urban communities like Lucknow, Varanasi, Trichy, Patna and Rajkot saw a lot lesser residential trips in April 2008 than last April. While tolls of worldwide flights haven’t ascended as strongly, universal travelers have additionally declined. Times of India Presentation: The Indian Aviation division has developed significantly in the course of the last money related year yet this apparently blasting segment is currently easing back down. The above article discusses the decrease in the quantity of air voyagers from urban communities other than the metropolitans. The development in the quantity of travelers came about as a result of one significant explanation, the presentation of low spending carriers which fly at a much lower cost. Indeed, even this impact is being invalidated by the increasing expense of common avionics. I will utilize the ideas of Choice, Necessity and Price Elasticity of Demand. The close by graph shows the expansion in Jet fuel or flight fuel in the course of the most recent couple of months. It likewise relatively shows how costly going via vehicle is turning out to be, because of the rising fuel coats. Figure 1 Ideas Involved: There are primarily three essential ideas associated with this article-‘Choice’,’ Necessity’ and ‘Price Elasticity of Demand’. 1. Decision: In today’s day and time of merciless rivalry, on the off chance that we have to go from New Delhi to Mumbai we have a few choices seeing with respect to what method of movement that can be taken. Flying is clearly the quickest and least tedious and as per mainstream thinking was likewise over the top expensive. Since the presentation of low spending bearers, the expense of flying definitely diminished, as these carriers took a shot at a â€Å"NO FRILLS† arrangement implying that they offered no administration at all. Therefore travel via plane got as costly as going by a second or second rate class Air Conditioned compartment by the most well known method of transport in India in particular the Railways. As a Result the individuals going by rail diminished in the separate ticket sections and the travelers on board planes expanded. Individuals from littler towns therefore for better and snappier travel expanded their excursion a tad out of decision and flew from the closest air terminal of their flight to the air terminal closest to their goal. References: 1. Money related Year-the timeframe between the first of April to the 31st of May. It is known as a budgetary year as the administration of India requests the funds of an organization between this period. 2. Low Budget Airlines-They are those carrier benefits that work on a lower cost because of sure in-flight administration arrangements that they follow. As the cost of flying fuel rises so does the expense if the ticket required to sit on a plane and thus individuals from littler towns are not seeing air travel as a practical methods for transportation as they saw as having a lesser pay than explorers in greater urban communities are falling back on the following best alternative for their voyaging needs. 2. Need: A need in financial aspects implies an impulse to devour a specific decent or administration. This applies to many individuals who travel from bigger urban communities via air. Greatest utilization of household air head out is done because of some business movement. Specialists are in tremendous numbers in large urban areas, for example, Calcutta or Bangalore and therefore they have a need to go as well as this need of theirs is a need. They travel via air as it is the best and the most helpful approach to get to a goal wherein business must be executed. Subsequently he representative would not mind what the cost of air travel is as; they acquire business in return for addressing a greater expense. 3. Value Elasticity of Demand: Elasticity of interest is the responsiveness of the interest of an item to a given change in the cost of a ware. We can sum up the sort of individuals who travel via air in two classifications, one who have a profoundly flexible value flexibility of interest for a product and the other who have a moderately inelastic value versatility of interest for air travel. Individuals from littler towns will be commonly ordered in to the principal classification as they use air head out as an option in contrast to different methods of transport and seeing an ascent in the value they will joyfully return to their previous methods for movement. Voyagers from huge urban areas then again will be arranged into the subsequent classification. They travel via let some circulation into of need or in light of the fact that they have enough intends to represent an ascent in the cost of air travel. Accordingly an adjustment in the cost will initiate unassuming community voyagers to eliminate air travel while less influencing others from bigger urban areas. End: Going via air for individuals in littler towns was a superior other option and not a fundamental change. Therefore when cost conflicted with them, they basically decided not to fly via air. Commentaries: 1. Exceptionally Elastic Price Elasticity of Demand †An adjustment sought after which is identified with the cost of and article. It is called profoundly flexible as the adjustment popular is huge because of an adjustment in cost. 2. Profoundly Inelastic Price Elasticity of Demand †An adjustment sought after which is identified with the cost of and article. It is called exceptionally inelastic as the adjustment sought after isn't huge because of an adjustment in cost. 3. Flying fuel-The fuel devoured via planes. 4. Residential air travel-Travel which is inside the nation. 5. Need It is a craving to devour a decent or administration sponsored by the capacity and ability to pay for it. 6. Business-An endeavor taken on by a person to increase a benefit out of it. Reference index: * The article was taken from the Indian paper â€Å"The Times of India†. Dated second July it is composed by a columnist by the name of Saurabh Sinha. The connection to the article is: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Steep_fares_lead_to_drop_in_small-town_flyers/articleshow/3186374.cms * The commentaries and different definitions were composed with the assistance of the book: â€Å"Economics Course Companion† composed by Ian Dorton and Jocelyn Blink. * Footnotes and definitions that are not found in the book were worked out of memory and past perusing from different random and recently read papers and articles. * http://content.edgar-online.com/edgar_conv_img/2007/12/21/0001362310-07-003512_C71797C7179706.GIF

The Theory Of Right Self Determination - Free Essay Example

This dissertation focuses on the conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh; the origins of the conflict, its present state and the possible future. Throughout the dissertation several key aspects and theories of International relations are analysed, such as: peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination, the concept of nation-state and conflict resolution. Firstly, the relevant theories of International relations are explored and an attempt is made to compare them with reality and to show their use in the real world. Secondly, a historical background of the conflict is described, followed by a description of the conflict from 1988 to 1995 and the peace talks. Thirdly, an analysis of the future of NK is examined, pointing out possible solutions and forms of reconciliation. Moreover, relevant questions are individually looked at. For over ten years NK has been on a path of nation-state building. NK sees itself as an independent republic, even with lack of international recognition. NK has a population of 141,000 and an area that covers 11,458.38  km2. (Official website of the President of NK, https://www.president.nkr.am/en/nkr/statePower/ , accessed on March 2, 2011). The map below show the situation of NK, they show both the NK Autonomous Oblast and the present NK state boundaries that include the occupied territories of Azerbaijan: THEORY: RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION As this dissertation deals with the de facto state of Nagorno-Karabakh, it analyses and explores International Law concerning peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination and the consequent recognition of their state. Chapter 1, Article 1, part 2 of the United Nations Charter created in 1945 states that the aim of the UN is to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Article 1, part 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 states the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (United Nations Charter 1945, available at: https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ [accessed March 2 2011]) Moreover, the Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations of 24th October 1970 declares that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“By virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, all peoples have the right freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and every State has the duty to respect this right in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, available at https://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm [accessed march 2 2011]) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The establishment of a sovereign and independent State, the free association or integration with an independent State or the emergence into any other political status freely determined by a people constitute modes of implementing the right of self-determination by that peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (UN General Assembly, Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970,  available at: https://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3dda1f104.html  [accessed March 2 2011] ). These legal statements show the core understanding and acceptance of the international community regarding the idea of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination. Even though some core aspects of these declarations can be vague in their practical sense, their overall message is not contested. By taking into account these and other declarations, the case for the people of NK becomes clearer. Presently, the problem lies with the idea that NK peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination collides with Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to sovereignty, so what is the solution? According to Dr. Otto Luchterhandt, the director of East European Research Department (University of Hamburg): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The right to self-determination is not only a political principle but a rule of existing international law. The people of Nagorny Karabakh are the subject of the right to self-determination. The people of Nagorny Karabakh can claim for the highest level fulfilment of the law of self-determination à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" secession from the state of Azerbaijan because on the one hand its restriction to the status of a national minority stands in no reasonable relation to its legitimate interests in development and protection, and on the other hand the measure of its oppression has reached such unbearable proportions, that remaining in the federation of Azerbaijan has become unacceptable and it has announced it will for self-determination in an unmistakable and convincing manner.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Luchterhandt, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Nagorny Karabakhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Right to State Independence According to International Law, Boston, 1993) To use international law in a discussion in the case for NK, specific proof has to be shown. There is also the argument that juridical legitimacy of borders and territorial integrity works against the self-determination principle, however this cannot be taken into account in the case of Azerbaijan SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic). Firstly, it must be stated that NK was an autonomous oblast (an administrative unit) within the Azerbaijan SSR, and that Azerbaijan SSR was not defined by state borders, it was defined by administrative borders, therefore the Helsinki Agreement Final Act in 1975 concerning territorial integrity cannot be applied. As Francois Mitterrand said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why should the interior administrative borders of a state be automatically recognised as international ones? (Zargarian,1999). Secondly, on the 31st August 19941 the Azerbaijan SSR confirmed the restoration of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan that had been created from 1918 to 1920. This declaration leaves to question the legality of the present Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s borders, including the territories of NK, territories surrounding NK and Nakhijevan, as none of these were part of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. In addition, it is well documented that in December 1920, Azerbaijan SSR accepted the territories of NK and Nakhijevan as belonging to Armenia. These declarations were later altered by Stalin, which at the times was Commissar of Nationalities. To further analyse, the value of state sovereignty of Azerbaijan should be graded as lower than the importance of sovereignty of a state in a normal situation, with reference to the system of states in the League of Nations, therefore it is lower than the NK peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination. (Raschhofer, 1960) This notion gives support to the national right to self-determination of NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s people in right to secession over Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s state sovereignty. (Luchterhandt, 1993). To conclude, as the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh was founded after a referendum on state independence on 10th December 1991, resulting in a 98% acceptance, and in agreement with international and Soviet law, it should ultimately be acknowledged as genuine under international law. Moreover, precedent of Eritrea can be used, which showed that self proclamation leads to be under the power of international law. NK relationship with other countries, international organisations, and treaties such as the Geneva Convention, all give power for self-determination. HISTORY The name Nagorno-Karabakh has a mixture of 3 languages; Nagorno is in Russian meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mountainousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, and Karabakh is in Turkic and Farsi meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Black Gardenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However, the Armenians call it Artsakh, as it was one of the provinces of Greater Armenia, and it is mentioned as early as second century BC: the ancient provinces of Artsakh and Utik, situated between Lake Sevan, river Kara and river Araxes. (Strabo, 1st century BC.) During the centuries, NK has been mainly populated by ethnic Armenians, however there were periods in which during conquests other ethnic groups would settle, such as Caucasian Tatars, Caucasian Albanians (no connection to Albanians in Balkans), Persians and Turkic tribes. The recent conflict with Azerbaijan has unleashed a historical fact finding war, where the Azeris lay historical claims to these lands, and the Armenians refute them. The people living in NK point out to the obvious evidence, such as hundreds of ruins, ancient monuments, religious building, churches and monasteries. (Tchilingirian,1999). As one farmer said in regard to this: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This monastery (Monastery of Gandzasar) kept us Armenian, the writings on these walls made us know who we are. There is a khachkar (cross-stone), the size of a car, on top of this mountain; our ancestors placed it there to indicate that this is Armenian landà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Martakert, 1995). To review the history of Artsakh a new dissertation can be written, therefore to keep in line with this dissertation, a review of more recent history is made. After 1918, when the Georgians, Armenians and Azeris took advantage of the chaos of the Russian Revolution to establish independent states, war broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, however by 1921 all three republic were under the rule of the Red Army. (Swietochowski, 1985) Originally, the Bolsheviks determined NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problem: The Chairman of the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee (Azrevkom), Narimanov declared: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The government of Workers and Peasants of Azerbaijan, having heard the news of the proclamation in Armenia in the name of the insurgent peasantry of the Soviet Socialist Republic, salutes the victory of the fraternal Armenian people. From this day forward, the former borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are suspended. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia. Long live the fraternity and union of workers and peasants of Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (L. Chorbajian, P. Donabedian, C. Mutafian, 1994) The decision by Narimanov was acclaimed by the ethnic Armenians which thought that it was a fair decision. Moreover, Narimanov declared: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“no territorial conflict will cause bloodshed between these two age-old neighbourly peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. ( Chorbajian, Donabedian, Mutafian, 1994). Yerevanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s central authority henceforth declared: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Based on the declaration of (Azrevkom)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armeniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Libaridian, 2004) This announcement was never realised, even if it was at the beginning supported by Stalin. Stalinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view was that Karabagh should be given to Azerbaijan, in an effort to increase friendly relations with Turkey, which by then had aspirations to be a communist state. (Lane, 1992) It must be understood that Turks and Azeris are ethnically the same people. Even though the decision over NK was reached on July 4th 1921 in the Kavburo (Caucasian Bureau of the Communist Party): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Based on the declaration of (Azrevkom)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armeniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Libaridian, 2004) The Kars and Moscow treaties were signed in October, giving Azerbaijan the control of NK. Thus, NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Armenian populations (90% of NK) desire to unite with Armenia was ignored, creating ethnic tensions that would eventually end in full scale war. The Armenians tried to relocate NK to Armenia SSR in 1929, 1935, 1963, 1966, 1977 and 1987. The main reasons were the anti-Armenian discrimination, demographic shifts and economic underdevelopment. (Ulubabian, 1994) The Armenian population had declined by 25% from 1920 to 1979, due to hardships created by these discriminatory attitudes. The modern conflict started on February 1988, when due to the glasnost policy created by Gorbachev and its subsequent openness, the NK authorities asked to transfer the NK Autonomous Oblast to Armenia SSR. The reaction in Azerbaijan SSR was negative, as in 13th June it rejected this demand, on the other hand Armenia SSR on 15th June gave acceptance to this request. Due to the argument between Azerbaijan SSR and Armenia SSR, Moscow had to decide, and since Articles 73 and 78 of the 1977 USSR Constitution states that borders may only be changed if both republics agree on the change, NK stayed under Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s SSR authority, until the Soviet Union broke down in 1991. The conflict itself started with violence and ethnic-cleansing, with guerrilla warfare. Pogroms against Armenians started in Sumgait (near Baku) in February 1988 and in January 1990 in Baku. The Armenians of Baku (approximately 220,000) and from other parts of Azerbaijan were forced to flee, except in areas of NK. In return, Azeris in Armenia (160,000) were forced to leave, however no pogroms and mass violence was recorded, unlike in Baku. It was not until Yeltsin came to power that Russia sided with the Armenians, as before the USSR broke down the USSR Army was helping the Azeris. The Russians helped the Armenians with weapons, fuel and logistical support. The reason the Russians sided with the Armenians was because it was against Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pro-Turkey and pro-Western positions. (Betts, 1999). Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view was that Armenia was its only ally in the South Caucasus, and due to its geopolitical situation in regard to Turkey in Iran, help should be given. Full scale war broke out between 1991 and 1994 among the Azeri Army and the irregular Armenian guerrilla fighters. At the beginnings of 1992 the Azeris were in control of nearly half of NK, forcing out Armenian civilians as they advanced. Spring 1992 was when the advantage turned towards the Armenians, as their offensive pushed the Azeris to retreat. Once the city of Shushi was captured in May 8 1992, the Armenians had control of NK and the surrounding territories. It must be noted that the Armenian side was mostly fought by guerrilla fighters, which did not respond to any central authority in NK or Armenia. Most of the fighters or Fedayeen (Freedom Fighters), as the Armenians call them, were ordinary people without training or military weapons. The Armenians were helped by the Diaspora, which sent money, weapons and volunteers to help. The Azeri side brought mercenaries from Chechnya and mujahedeen from Pakistan and Afghanistan (approximately 3,000 fighters). (Taarnby, Michael. 2008 ) In May 1994 a cease fire was signed with Russia as intermediary in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The ceasefire was signed by the Azerbaijani authorities and General Babayan from the NK Armed forces. The result of the war was that the Armenians ended up controlling 20% of Azerbaijanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s territory. An estimated 4,500 people died and 25,00 wounded from the Armenian side, and an estimated 30,000 died and 60,000 wounded on the Azeri side. (De Waal, 2003). CEASE FIRE AND PEACE TALKS Before the ceasefire agreement mediated by Russia, several attempts were made to find a solution. The first attempt was by Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev on September 1991, it gave no fruit. Next mediation was by Iran on February 1992. Since Iranà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s historical relationship with both the Armenians and the Azeris was close, it attempted to increase its dominance in the region, especially to push Turkey aside. The Tehran conference did not reach to any agreement. After this, CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) started to arbitrate, it also pressed Iran out of the negotiations, as the latter was not a member of CSCE, On August 1992, Nazarbayev tried again, but the mediation led to nowhere. CSCE tried on several occasions from 1992 until December 1994 to reach an agreement for both sides, but itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inexperience and Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s parallel involvement made it fail. From May 1994, when the ceasefire was signed, several propositions were laid on the negotiation table, but NK was only to agree to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“comp lete packageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, while Azerbaijan pushed for a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“step by stepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? approach. (Mooradian, 1999) To date, there has been no concrete agreement between the two parts. The main mediator is the Minsk Group, created in 1993 by the CSCE (now OSCE), even though the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan have met on various occasions, NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s government is still left out of any negotiations. CAN KOSOVO BE USED AS AN EXAMPLE? After the recognition of Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s independence, many other de facto states looked closely to see if it would set an example. Even though the states that have recognised Kosovo state that Kosovo cannot be used as a precedent, others may argue that it can and has. The main reason the international community uses to implicate the uniqueness of Kosovo is that it has been under UN and international control, while other de facto states like NK, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have not. To analyse the relevance of Kosovo, a comparison is made. The similarities with NK are various: both consist of a minority that sees itself discriminated, both conflicts started in an era of transition brought by the disintegration of the Soviet Union, both held referendums and used the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to self determination idea. The differences must also be noted: NK can argue that before the transition era, it already was an Autonomous Oblast. NK has existed for longer, with relative better stability, and has made more progress on state-building, even though it received less international attention and financial support. (Murinson, 2004) Other differences are that NK is not accepted as a negotiating part in the peace process, Armenia acts as itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ representative. It can be argued that the Kosovo can be used as an example of a state gaining independence, however, the international community argues that it is a unique case, however this does not limit the political ramifications it has brought. Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s independence has given hope to other de facto states, who argue that in all, they should have a better chance in gaining independence than Kosovo. As the former President of NK stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If the world community is ready to recognize the independence of Kosovo, I think it will be very hard for them to explain why they do not recognize Nagorno-Karabakhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Yakubyan, 2006) And as the Speaker of NK Parliament said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A serious basis for the international recognition of our sovereignty, we have held free elections for 16 years, law-enforcement bodies are formed, powers are divided, [the] army is under civil controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Karabakh Has Serious Grounds for International Recognition of Sovereignty «, in: Karabakh Open, 20 February 2008) To explain why Kosovo deserves international recognition and other de facto states in very similar positions do not is very hard, even by the same international community that accepted Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s independence. The reasons can vary from the official statement that Kosovo has been under international control, while other have not, but it is also correct to assume that other factors such as mutual interests among regional powers. Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involvement in the NK peace process has many times thrown the Minsk Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s propositions away, as Russia can benefit from the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“no peace no warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? situation over NK: it sells arms and heavy weaponry to both Armenia and Azerbaijan, arming both sides. WHY HAS ARMENIA NOT RECOGNISED NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S INDEPENDENCE? This question is very interesting in the sense that it would be logical that Armenia should be the first country in recognising the independence of NK, however there is one main reason of why it has not. The official Armenian response to these questions is that since Armenia has started: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An international legal process of settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh  conflict, and this is why Armenia has still not recognized the enclaves independenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It  is for  the  same reason that Armenia has not recognized the independence of Kosovo, Oleg   Yesayan,   Armenian   ambassador   to   Belarus. (Alima Bissenova. (2008). Armenia links issue of Abkhazia, S. Ossetia to N.-Karabakh. Available: https://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=taxonomy/term/4page=6. Last accessed 20th January 2011.) However, due to the recent statements by Azerbaijan of taking NK back by force has made the Armenian side declare that it would recognise NK if war started: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Armenia is categorically against a military resolution of the problem. In the event Azerbaijan unleashes a new military venture, Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize de jure the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh and provide for the safety of its population through all means,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? President of Armenia, Serge Sarkisian Astana, Kazakhstan, December 2010. EuroAsia. (2010). Armenia Says Will Recognize Karabakh In Case Of War. Available: https://www.eurasianet.org/node/62556. Last accessed 20th January 2011 One could argue that Armenia should recognise NK, in the same manner as Russia has recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The recognition of NK would give Armenia legal right to aid NK in case war started with Azerbaijan. Moreover, some argue that if Armenia does not recognise NK in the foreseeable future, the status and issue of NK could be forgotten to history, as it would lose its momentum in the pursuit for recognition. RECOMENDATIONS From the overall analysis of the NK conflict and other similar conflicts around the world, some basic and concrete to the NK case recommendations can be made: OSCE and other international peace organisations should look to include NK in the negotiation process as an independent actor, like they did with the ceasefire agreement. International organisations should pave the way to stipulate better assurances for non resumption of armed conflict. The line of fire should be closely observed for ceasefire violations. Programs should be developed in order to teach both societies about tolerance, reconciliation and mutual respect. International organisations should look to integrate the public in debates and discussions, and rely less on top-down approaches. (Faber, 2005) International organisations should push for a peacekeeping force to be deployed on the contact line, it should also try to organise a new referendum under the eyes of international observers, henceforth push for a lawful democratisation and a peace settlement. (Freizer, 2006) Governments in Armenia, NK, and Azerbaijan should start to include conflict resolution and prevention, peace building and peacekeeping, human rights programmes at schools and universities, in order to increase public awareness. NGOs should create projects along with the civil society to educate the population about the conflict and conciliation for peace. Finally, an international recognition of NK would ensure a peaceful settlement of the conflict, and would make NK answerable to international law. Moreover, NK would have access to loans from the IMF or the WB, thus being able to develop better as a state. Open borders with Azerbaijan would bolster trade, and maybe bring trust between the people. CONCLUSION The conflict of NK is very complicated to be able to analyse without going into much detail. There are many arguments for and against certain strategies, using international law, international recognition, state sovereignty, refugees, and many others, but one thing is being ignored; the fact that NK has been acting like any other recognised democratic state for over 15 years. NKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s human rights violations, degree of democracy and transparency and corruption are all better than Armenia or Azerbaijan, (Freedom House, 2011) yet still there is little advance among the international community in recognising NK. Some may add that the West uses double standards: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Weà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve got used to the double standards of the West. I believe that the people of South Ossetia have much more reason for gaining independence than the Kosovan Albanians.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Yuri Morozov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia). In my opinion, the West does not fully use double stan dards, but approaches the question very surgically, since it understands the uniqueness of every conflict, and that it could be disastrous to use one peace settlement in another area, as every conflict has its own inimitable dynamics. I think that NK pace to independence is correct, as sooner or later it will have to be recognised, it should continue developing its government in order to set an example. In the near future two outcomes are possible, either an international recognition of NK or war will break out, it is inevitable, as both sides continue arming themselves, therefore it in my opinion it is in the best interest that of the international community to prevent such hostilities by recognizing NK. As Chekov said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If in the first act you have hung a pistol on the wall, then in the following one it should be fired. Otherwise dont put it there. (A. P. Chekhov, in Teatr i iskusstvo 1904, No. 28, 11 July, p. 521)

The Battle Of Gettysburg And The Civil War Essay - 1434 Words

In 1863, the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was awoken to the beginning of what was to be the turning point of the Civil War for the Union. It began as a small skirmish, but by its end it involved so many Americans to which would become one of the bloodiest battles ever taken place on Unites States soil. The Battle of Gettysburg was not only a turning point in the war. From July 1st to July 3rd, 1863, the most famous and most important Civil War Battle took place in the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Confederates under Robert E. Lee advanced on the Union in hopes of taking the major city of Philadelphia, Baltimore, or even Washington D.C. Union commander General George Meade was sent to make sure none of this would happen. General Robert E. Lee was determined to invade the North and win a victory important for southern morale, leads his army toward Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where he hopes to destroy railroad bridges linking east with west. He is unaware that a large union force headed by General Meade is headed in the same direction. The Battle of Gettysburg began on July 1, with Confederate troops attacking a Union cavalry division on McPherson Ridge, west of town. After fierce fighting and heavy casualties on both sides, and the Union forces managed to hold, and even drive back the Confederate forces until afternoon, when they were overpowered by additional southern troops, and driven back through town. In the confusion, thousands of Union soldiersShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Gettysburg And The Civil War Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesOn July 1, 1863, the bloodiest, most gruesome war in American History began. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Union Army under the command of General George G. Meade faced the Confederate Army led by General Robert E. Lee. They clashed for a long, tragic, three days, but at a costly expense of human life. 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A Sociological Perspective On Homosexuality - 882 Words

Sociology surrounds every aspect of life, from birth to death. Throughout history, different demographics have had to fight for their rights to be recognized as equal to white males. From the acquisition of blacks right to vote to the women’s rights movement our society is slowly progressing to a state of equality. One demographic that has been in the news lately is the homosexual community seeking rights to legally marry. A multitude of sociological concepts can be applied to topic of homosexuality in America. Topics ranging from the Functionalist theory to Marxism and ethnocentrism to subculture can all provide insight to the homosexual culture in America. One of the main things that needs to be addressed when discussing homosexuality in America is the resistance to gay culture. This can in part be explained using Émile Durkheim theory of functionalism. 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Hemophilia 4 Essay Example For Students

Hemophilia 4 Essay Hemophilia is the best known of hemorrhagic disorders. When a person has hemophilia, the blood does not clot properly and bleeding persists. The people who have hemophilia are called hemophiliacs or bleeders. Bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia, result from a disruption of the bodys process of how blood clots are formed. The coagulation process involve platelets as well as plasma proteins called clotting factors. Clotting begins when platelets stick to the site of an injury to a blood vessel. The proteins in the plasma that cause blood to clot is absent. Hemophilia is named from a Greek word meaning fond of blood. There are two types of hemophilia. Hemophilia A, which is the most common and is also called classic hemophilia. Hemophilia B or Christmas disease, named after the first patient diagnosed and treated with hemophilia B. Hemophilia B lacks AHF (antihemophilic factor). About 85% of hemophiliacs have classic or hemophilia A. Hemophilia As blood lacks the clotting factor eight. The rest of the 85% have Christmas, which lacks clotting factor nine. An extremely small number of hemophiliacs lack yet another kind of clotting factor. Both A and B forms have also been called the royal disease. Hemophilia was inherited by decedents of Englands Queen Victoria and introduced into the royal houses of Spain, Germany, and Russia. Hemophilia A and B are caused by genes that are sex linked and recessive. A defective gene on the X chromosome, one of the two chromosomes, that determine a persons sex. The Y chromosomes which has no genes for clotting is the other chromosome. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Girls have two X chromosomes. A boy who inherits the hemophilia defect on his X chromosome will most defiantly will be a hemophiliac. A girl who inherits the defective gene on her X chromosome will be a carrier instead of hemophiliac, because the normal gene on her X chromosome provides enough for the most needed clotting factor. She might transmit the defective gene to her children. It is very rare for a girl to have hemophilia. Most often hemophilia occurs in families who have a history of diseases whic h pass from grandfather to grandson through the mother who is a carry. It does pop up in families which the disease hasnt been previous. This is not yet determine why. The major problem for hemophiliacs isnt external cuts which can be treated with pressure and bandages, but it is uncontrolled internal bleeding. The amount of bleeding various from person to person. The more severe forms of hemophilia become visible early in life. Newborns often show no signs of hemophilia unless the are circumcised . This causes extensive bleeding. If the infant is not circumcised, signs of hemophilia dont show until a child starts crawling or walking in which bruised markings appear were they have fallen or hit something. Hemophilia, in mild forms, may not show up later in life, until extensive bleeding occurs only after surgery, tooth extraction, or major injury to any body parts. A physician can diagnose hemophilia by using specialized laboratory tests to measure the clotting activity of factors e ight and nine, or other factors for that matter. Further investigating can occasionally turn up the condition in other members of the family. The way current medical treatment is advancing, people with hemophilia can have a close to average life expectancy. Although the disease is life long, it can be controlled with medication or the administration of clotting factors. This allows a relatively normal life. Depending on how severe the hemophilia is in a patient, it may be necessary to take extra care to decrease bleeding as a result of physical activity. If hemophilia is in advanced stages, it may lead to anemia as a result of excessive and continuous blood loss. Bleeding in the joints can occur in this stage. It can cause very painful swelling which over a long period of time can lead to permanent deformity and hemophilic arthritis. Sometimes the disorder becomes more difficult to control because antibodies develop to the clotting factor that has been used in treatment. Treating bl eeding outbreaks may involve the administration of AHF alone to speed up clotting. Without treatment, reoccurring bleeding into the joints can happen. This causes chronic pain and weakness and can destroy joints all together. Blood has also been known to gather around the neck, head, or in the digestive system. This condition is extremely dangerous and extremely serious. In order to prevent joint destruction all bleeding episodes of a hemophilic should be treated right away by infusion of a clotting factor replacement, a medicine called desmopressin. If you have hemophilia or think you may carry the trait, prenatal testing and genetic counseling can help you wether or not your child could inherit hemophilia. There is special treatment for hemophiliacs. Already the drug desmopressin was brought to your attention. This drug helps stop bleeding by stimulating the release factor eight and making blood contract. If you have hemophilia B or a more severe case of hemophilia A, bleeding epi sodes may stop only after the missing clotting factors are replaced by infusion. These clotting factors are derived from donated human blood and are supplied as purification concentrates ( a clotting factor concentrate derived from donated blood). During the 1980s, hundreds of hemophiliacs became infected with the AIDS virus (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) after receiving treatments of clotting factor contaminated with the virus. More than half of those infected have died of AIDS. Since 1985, the clotting factor concentrates were treated to prevent the transmission of AIDS and this is greatly increased the safety of treatments with clotting factor. With special training through a physician or regional hemophilia center, a hemophiliac can learn to infuse desmopressin, DDAVP, or some of these blood products by himself as soon as he shows some signs of bleeding.Dont use medications that might worsen bleeding, such as aspirin. Thanks to modern blood bank techniques, quantities of whole blood can be made readily available. Bed rest and hospitalization may also be recommended by a doctor. .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d , .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .postImageUrl , .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d , .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d:hover , .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d:visited , .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d:active { border:0!important; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d:active , .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e9d83a214428aa6f0a4afe29267971d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teenage Pregnancy EssayProper hygiene is very important in a hemophiliac. Hemophiliacs should put every effort into not letting tooth decay happen. Parents of children who have hemophilia should inform a dentist so that every precaution is taken to not make the child bleed. Even the most common procedure such as a tooth extraction can be a major health hazard. Only absolute necessary surgery should be performed on hemophiliacs. If recurrent internal bleeding has destroyed any of your joints, a hemophiliac may choose to have the joint replaced surgically with an artificial joint. Physical therapy can also help damaged joints to function better. Swimming, walking, and biking can help to build up a hemophiliacs muscles, and this also helps to protect your joints. Do not under any circumstances engage in any contact sports.